Nursing Expertise Self-Report Scale and Reflection

After completing the Nursing Expertise Self-Report, I felt as a nursing profession I was analytical toward each questions. I noticed that most of my answers were drawn from my clinical experience working as an emergency nurse.I find that I looked at the situation as whole, combining all aspect of nursing from objectives and subjective data while still adhering to all policy and procedure. I also noticed for any aspect of clinical situation that my patients may represent, I strong disagree that emotional attachment would get in the way of good nursing care. In fact, I believed that emotional attachment are a characteristic a caring and compassionate nurse. This kind of characteristic may allow the nurse to be more accurate with her findings because she knows closely of what is consider normal to her patient.She may be the first to notice a change in her patient’s condition. I thought this exercise was very informative and knowledgeable because it allowed to see how I am grown a s a nursing professional. It is a great feeling to see that my nursing practice and decision making comes naturally by understanding that all pieces of information related to the patient is equally important one another. I also find that communication is essential to all aspect nursing care because it allow the patient to feel connected to the staff as well as understand his/her plan of care. As nursing professional we are always using critical thinking to anticipate the next possible event that could occur.Although we may not realize it, we tend to forget to communicate with the patient and family as often as we should. This exercise help me realize that I need to communicate with my patient more often to help them understand their care plan and the care providing to them. I also noticed in this self-report scale and reflection that I always follow the standard patient care procedures no matter what situation may present because the standard patient care procedures were written to allow the best possible outcome for the patient.

Automobile Industry in Korea: Rising or Falling?

Introduction Korea’s Automobile Industry is the fifth largest in the manufacture of cars and its parts merely imported from Japan and U.S.   Today, Korea is also one of the most highly developed in production of automobiles. By 1980s, the ability of Korea in auto industry has increased more than what they have expected. Producing 1.1 million units was really a great achievement, preferably in South Korea. Since economic boosted Korea for the past years, this made them partly one of the influential countries here in Asia. Its government supported the growth of this industry and other programs created to build a strong and developed industrial base, which created opportunities particularly in business and other industries in the country.   Not only in automobile industry that Korea has expertise, but also in the field of electronics, particularly cell phone manufacturing, etc. Discussion Over the past decade, Korea has proved its ability in the production, manufacturing and exporting of automobile way back in 1980. The industry’s growth has expanded five times of what the Korean’s expected. The question is, why or why not make the investment in the Korean automobile industry?  Korea, presently divided into North Korea and South Korea. A small country, yet one of the most civilized one. Because of their advanced technology as of Singapore and Japan, this made them one of the most progressive countries here in Asia. Automobile industry in Korea has been stable in the past years as founded in charts. However, competition is also stable. When the three big companies namely Hyundai Motor Co., Kia Motors, and GM Daewoo of auto industry in Korea were launched, a growing number of competitors immediately followed. Korea’s growing industry changed the lifestyle of the Koreans,   workers regret a jobless revival, everyone protest of increasing land and housing prices but their wages became similar to western countries, labour unions were also banned. South Korea’s investment in China in 2004, mainly steel and cars, passed Japan’s investment. Korean’s believed that they have an advantage in China because they do not suffer from post war hostilities than of companies in Japan. With the growing number of jobs, Korea experienced increased number of labourers and employment suppleness. They even hired workers from other countries just to increase the number of employees that they need in a particular company. Korea is now facing an economic stability and government financial situation. They continue to improve their work, and this means a continued financial problems. Korea has its access to potential and capital markets for their products are renowned globally. Their importers were also acclaimed to be among of the leading countries in Asia and in the world like U.S and Japan, which are also their primary manufacturers.  Despite these problems, Korea still emerged as one of the leading countries in Asia in terms of investments and exports. For the next two years, the automobile industry planned to increase their sales from 28% to 50%. Conclusion Korea proved that it is worth to make an investment with them in automobile industry, for they are financially stable; they had stable workers and are supported by their government policies. Business opportunities also increased due to their implementation of the â€Å"Import Diversification Program†, which pushed Korean firms to transfer purchases from Japan to purchases from U.S. this gave Korea a great opportunity in the business world, especially in automobile industry. One of the dangers of investing in Korea’s auto industry is its competition to other neighboring countries that also manufactures automobile like China, which they say that they would enter the world market. It is also said that China produced over a million automobiles in 2004, which was really a great start.  Another danger is the constantly changing of the country is laboring policies. Korean government controlled the formation of labour unions, which is why their policies are always changing. Because Korea’s economy grew rapidly, costs of necessities increased rapidly. They need more persons to work in their companies, because jobs increased as their economy grew larger and wider. Sure, they have access in other countries like U.S and Philippines; their only problem is the number of workers that would try their luck in working in the country. Though Korea claims that their automobile industry aims a great success, we believed that it is not that worthy to invest there because of China’s entering in the world market, the restrictions of labour unions and the attempts of the labourers to conduct company strikes. Maybe, investors will increase if they still improve the status of their growing business. It is not that bad to invest in the auto industry of Korea, only if China would not be a great competitor. By 2020, industry tycoons do agree that China could produce a mass of 20 million cars yearly. This proves that China could really make it ahead of Korea in the auto industry. China is also one of the most exporters of cars and cell phone units, which range from 27-30% than of Korea that only gained 26-28% in the past years. If Korea could only improve their way of treating exporters, they would probably get as much customers like of China. Korea’s only edge in China is that their currency, the won, improved a lot better for it threatened the cost of U.S dollars as seen in charts and in newspapers. We’re not saying that investing in Korea now is bad, only that the competition is not that healthy than of their previous years. References Savada, Andrea Matles and William Shaw. â€Å"South Korea: A Country Study†. (1990). 17 June 2007. http://countrystudies.us/south-korea/50.htm. Brooke, James. â€Å"The New York Times†. 18 October 2005. 17 June 2007. http://www.iht.com/articles/2005/10/18/business/korea    Jones, Heather S. â€Å"Business America†. 31 August 1987. 17 June 2007. http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m1052/is_v10/ai_5151117.            

Racial Segregation in “Brownies”

Segregation in â€Å"Brownies† The short story â€Å"Brownies† written by ZZ (Zuwena) Parker, takes place at Camp Crescendo, a summer camp for girl scouts. The story is primarily about the journey of fourth grade girls scouts from different schools, who are known as The Brownies. Each Brownie Troop is categorized by their different ethnicities. The story is told in the perspective of Laurel, an African American girl who is known to the girls in her Brownie troop as ‘Snot. ’ On the first day of camp the Brownie girls stumble upon a troop of white girls and claim one of their members had address them with a racial slur.Deeply offended by their own assumption, they plan on teaching the other girls, Brownie Troop 909, a lesson. As a result, the next day the Brownie troop picks a fight with every girl within Brownie Troop 909, not knowing that those girls are delayed learners. The central theme of the story â€Å"Brownies† is segregation and how it affect s the mind and actions of the younger people. In the short story, racial segregation began from the misuse term â€Å"Caucasian† at Laurel’s school, Woodrow Wilson Elementary School. The school is located in the South suburbs of Atlanta, Georgia, where there are very few whites who lives there in the East coast.In fact, there is only one white student who is enrolled at Woodrow Wilson Elementary School; a boy name Dennis. Based on the history of the time and location â€Å"Brownies† was written in many people had little interaction with Caucasians, in this case, the students at Laurel’s elementary school. The troop and their classmates saw â€Å"Whites [as] baby pigeons: real and existing, but rarely seen or thought about† (Parker 179). With the comparison made between baby pigeons and white people, this illustrates that the Brownie girls never experience being around white people as much.For this reason, the children did not know the meaning of th e term â€Å"Caucasian† or how the term is used correctly in a sentence. Thus, the children made fun of the word and used it in a jokingly manner by teasing each other. For example, from time to time the students would call one another â€Å"Caucasian† for the way their classmates acted and the way they were dressed. Weeks before the camping trip Arnetta, one of the Brownie girls, teased: A boy [for] wearing impossibly high-ankled floodwater jeans and said, ‘What are you? Caucasian? ’ The word took off from there, and soon everything was Caucasian.If you ate too fast you ate like a Caucasian, if you ate too slow you ate like a Caucasian. (Parker 179) With the term â€Å"Caucasian† constantly being used as a joke throughout the school, Dennis the only white kid in school joins in the act of making fun of the phrase, not knowing that it is about his own race. Racism continues when the Brownie Troop arrive at their camping destination. Still on the bus , the black girls Brownie troop judges the white girls Brownie Troop 909 for their different skin complexion and what they had brought along the camping trip.At this point in the story the girls could care less of who the white girls are and where they have come from. Z. Z. (Zuwena) Parker starts off her story with a criticism narrated by ‘Snot’, the least respected girl in the black girls Brownie troop: Troop 909 was doomed from the first day of camp; they were white girls, their complexions a blend of ice cream: strawberry, vanilla. They turtle out from their bus in pairs, their rolled-up sleeping bags chromatized with Disney characters: Sleeping Beauty, Snow White, Mickey Mouse: or the generic ones cheap parents bought: washed-out rainbows, unicorns, curly-eyelashed frogs. 177) The quote is said to give a sense of labeling and singling out of troop 909, possibly out of jealousness. The Brownie Troop mainly joked among themselves about the white girls Brownie troop on their differences in ethnicity, skin tones, and how spoil each are by their parents. By the way ‘Snot’ listed what troop 909 had brought along their camping trip; it may be assumed that ‘Snot’ Brownie troops were envious of them. At another point of the short story, they even compared hair length and texture of each other.The black Brownie troop racial acts continue when Arnetta made a false rumor about troop 909. Arnetta had convinced her gullible troop members that one of the white girls had called one of their troops by the name â€Å"nigger†. Arnetta, who is known to be a leader-like to her Brownie troop for her tone of voice when she speak, was so insulted by her own rumor that she told her girls, â€Å"We can’t let them get away with calling us niggers. I say we teach them a lesson† (Parker 181). This quote sets them up the main conflict of the story.It was the beginning of the revenge the black girls Brownie troop plotted on the white girls Brownie troop 909. At the end of the short story, the black girls Brownie troop become conscious that they have made false assumptions on the other troop when the leader of troop 909 revealed to them that her girls have learning disabilities. The Brownie 909 troop leader had revealed that her â€Å"‘girls are not retarded. They are delayed learners†¦ from the Decatur Children’s Academy. Many of them just have special needs’†(Parker 190).Few of the girls in the white girls Brownie troop are echolalic. Echolalic is a learning disorder, which comes from a psychological term echolalia. When a person is diagnosed with echolalia, the individual tends to unintentionally repeats what they have heard from another person whether it is a bad or made-up word(s) or phrase(s). The black girls Brownie troop turn themselves to the victimizer when they accused Troop 909 for calling them a â€Å"nigger†. To an extent, Z. Z. Parker’s short sto ry â€Å"Brownies† central theme of segregation is relevant to today’s society.Though segregation is still present in today’s world, it is not the same as it was years ago when it was a severe matter. Compared to segregation back in history, where most people die fighting for their rights, individuals today mostly fight verbally through petitions and marches. One of the most common segregation disputes in the United States today is gay marriages being legalized. It is said that homosexual marriage is wrong because it ruin the meaning of â€Å"marriage†. For decades, marriage has always been between a man and a woman.In addition, homosexual marriage imposes its acceptance on all society and religion such as Christianity. Though some parts of the United States still disapprove of gay marriages, they cannot stop two individuals from loving each other. Overall, Segregation still exists in the world and will always exist, whether it is on race and or gender. W orks Cited Parker, Zuwena. â€Å"Brownies. † /Back Literature. /4th Ed. Eds. V. J. Kennedy, Dana Gioia. Boston:Pearson, 2012. 177-194. Print.

Analysis of Nationalism and Ethnic Politics Literature review

Analysis of Nationalism and Ethnic Politics - Literature review Example The point of the existence of nationalism is a nation characterized by shared language, culture, and values. The academic theory on nationalism shows that national identity is usually contested and may reflect in the differences in class, gender, dialect, region, and language. Origin of nationality. The first studies relating to nationalism were mostly historically accounted for by the nationalist movements. Towards the end of the 19th century, the followers of Marx and other socialists showed an analysis that was very critical of the movements of the nationalists. This gives rise to the sociological theories of nationalism which date back to the period after the second world war. Some of these theories discuss issues relating to the identity of the people of a particular nation which are of major impact to nationalists (Smith, 2010). Anthony D. Smith shows the origin of nationalism and creates a synthesis of primordial and modernist views, which are now commonly referred to as an et hnic-symbolist approach. According to Smith, the conditions prior to the formation of a nation include: -A homeland that is fixed(current or historical) -High degree of autonomy -Hostile environments -Memories of battles -Sacred areas and centres -Languages -Special norms and practices -Historical records and way of thought Smith also postulates that the nation came into existence as a result of joining the whole population and not just the elite in the society, the introduction of legal and political institution, ideas from the nationalists, international popularity and the segregation of land by border formation. Research seeks to find out which among the nation or nationalism came first. According to the primordial theory of nationalism, nations are presented to be dating back or at least ethnic groups, as a social reality dating back twenty thousand years as a social reality. However, contrasting this speculation is the modernist theories which to a great extent show that until around 1800, there were no nations. The ideas of a national identity were first introduced by the European states for purposes of modernization and control of the economy and society. The people behind the modernist theory of nationalism view capitalism and printing press as important factors in nationalism. The Approaches to Nationalism The modernist Approach. The modernist approach borrows from the Marxist's traditions and as postulated by Smith, as much as nationalism is a modern concept, he insists that nations too have a pre-modern origin.  Ã‚  

Scenarios Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Scenarios - Essay Example Every teacher wants a classroom in which they are in charge. Paul is using the assertive discipline behavior to discipline his students, therefore he has set rules to manage the behavior of students, and there are consequences if such rules are broken. In this classroom case, Kurt is an example of an undisciplined student, who disobeys the set rules and regulations, and comes up with his own. The teacher has no other option but to manage the behavior of the student to ensure harmony is enforced in the classroom. This erratic behavior and exchange of word has made the classroom uncomfortable for both the student and the teacher, therefore it is not conducive for learning. Although the harm has been done, the teacher can still redeem the situation ( Tiberius, 1990). The teacher ought to explain to the class during the next class in a relaxed and friendly manner, by apologizing for not being in control of the situation. He should encourage the children to be co-operative. This situation will call for strict adherence to the rules and regulations, and Kurt must face repercussions for his erratic behavior. Because his emotions are in control, the teacher should negotiate with the students and come up with rules which they themselves find reasonable. The final rules should be hang on the wall and sent to the parents to sign and also take a copy to the school administration. Since Kurt ran away after class, it will be necessary to engage his parents, to ensure discipline is enhanced. In any classroom setting, there are those active learners who are ready to learn and are ready to gain new knowledge and think critically. They make the learning process fun and generate good ideas and outcomes. On the other hand, there are those who are aggressive resister, who basically resist any ideas and knowledge that contradicts what they know in the classroom. The last category of learners, are the apathetic loafers such as Michael who fill the space in the classroom and have litt le or nothing to contribute to the learning process. Some people may argue it’s not fair to conclude that a student is lazy and apathetic because you do not live inside their bodies and what you can see to be the contributing factors are the external reasons( Tiberius, 1990). Various reasons contribute to a learner being called apathetic, for example they think that learning will not be of much help to them in future or they have trouble at home. Such a student has low self esteem and has probably experienced failure in the past, so they develop an† I don’t care attitude†. In the past, this has worked and people left him alone. The first step to deal with this is to come up with strategies that uplift the student to feel good about him. A good way is to put the student to engage in an activity that will show they are valuable in the classroom. The privilege should be presented as a request rather than a question, so that the student is not in a position to either say yes or no. The student may not look excited, but the teacher should not be discouraged. The teacher should ignore any apathetic behavior from the learner by all means, but always praise any form of good behavior from the student. The solution to such a student has to come from three different sources; teachers, learners and students. Apathetic students should be encouraged to and made

A Report on Quantum Computing Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

A Report on Quantum Computing - Research Paper Example This report outlines an overview of the quantum computing, which is a significant area of modern research. It is aimed at developing computer based tools and machines based on the rules and regulations of quantum theory. Additionally, the quantum theory refers to the performance and environment of material and energy on the quantum, both at the atomic and subatomic level. It is an admitted fact that the quantum computing is not a new idea as it was first emerged in the 1970s. It is an admitted fact that the quantum computing is not a new idea as it was first emerged in the 1970s. In addition, the quantum computing is completely based on the ideas of quantum physics. For example, it uses the properties of atoms offered by definite quantum physics theories to allow them to get together in the form of quantum bits, which can be used for computer's processing (Stewart; Pawliw; Webopedia). This report explains the role and importance of quantum computing in modern day information technolo gy. An Overview of Quantum Computing A quantum computer is a next generation computer that is designed on the basis of laws of quantum physics to boost the overall traditional computational power beyond what is possible through traditional computing machines. Though, the quantum computers have been developed on a small level however a lot of research work is under progress to improve and upgrade them to more realistic models (Jones). Working of a Quantum Computer A quantum computer is a system that ties together the control of atoms as well as molecules to carry out memory related and processing functionalities. A quantum computer stores data and information in form of quantum superposition of the 2 working states (either 1 or 0). These bits are known as the qubits. However, Qubits offer a great deal additional flexibility as compared to the traditional binary computing system. In fact, a quantum computer is capable of carrying out computations on a far superior level of scale as co mpared to customary working systems. In addition, these systems can be used to break and detect complex cryptography and encryption codes. In this scenario, there can be a serious danger with practical quantum computers because they can destroy the world's economic system by detecting secret codes of computers (Jones; Pawliw). Classical Computing and Quantum Computing: A Comparison Classical computing works on the principles of Boolean algebra on the other hand; quantum computers are based on a 7-mode logic gate standard. These systems use two binary states, either 0/false/off or 1/on/true. With these combinations the overall working of traditional computer is performed. On the other hand Quantum computer can operate with a 2 mode logic gate: XOR and a working mode that is known as QO1. Additionally, these computers have the capability to transform 0 into a superposition of 1 and 0. In addition, in a quantum computer, a number of elemental units for example photons or electrons are used (actually, the accomplishment has also been attained with ions), through either their polarization or charge performing like an illustration of 1 or 0. In this scenario, each particle is recognized as a qubit (quantum bit). The nature and behavior of these qubit particles forms the foundation of next generation quantum computing (TechTarget). Quantum Computers Today It is expected that after some years quantum computers will replace traditional silicon chips as in the past transistors replaced the traditional vacuum tube. However, till now, the technology necessary to build up similar quantum computer is beyond our reach. In this scenario, the majority of research works in quantum computing are yet extremely theoretical. In fact, the majority of high level quantum computers have not moved further than manipulating more than seven

Adoption of New Technology Systems Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Adoption of New Technology Systems - Essay Example In this study, their effective application in promoting adoption of a new Electronic Health Records System, EHR, at a nursing institution will be discussed. It is the role of the nurse leaders to ensure that the EHR system being introduced is fully understood by the nurses, and also make it known why it is a necessary innovation (Mooney & Boyle, 2011). In this case, for instance, it would be effective to explain to the nurses that the government, through its Health Information Technology for economic and Clinical Health Act is offering professionals in the healthcare context 44,000$ over five years if they successfully demonstrate the use of EHR systems. Additionally, failure to meet this will see the Medicare reimbursements reduced by 1% annually. In this way, the nurses will understand that the EHR systems are more of a regulation with benefits in the healthcare context. In facilitating less resistance and higher chances of adoption of the EHR systems, it would be wise to apply the Roger’s theory of diffusion of innovations. Its first element is relative advantage. Relative advantage is simply the level to which an innovation is better, in a measurable way than the concept, it is replacing (Rogers, 2003). In short, the leader should highlight the benefits of the EHR systems. One of them is that unlike traditional methods of recording patient information, they store all information about a patient in one place. This includes treatment history, immunization dates, laboratory tests, and radiology images. This makes the task of tracing patient information simpler for the nurse. Again, EHR systems are bound to cut costs for both patients and providers. This is because their digital nature requires less storage space, faster retrieval, and easier transfer (Bates, 2010). The second element in Roger’s theory is

In your mind, what are the consequences for the party system of the Essay

In your mind, what are the consequences for the party system of the increasing numbers of young Americans who do not identify wi - Essay Example In this survey, the independents constitute 39% of the 18-24 year old voters and 45% of the 25-29 year old voters.1 The significance of this development for the two parties is very important. Particularly, it affects their ability to win during elections. Independents are important for both the Republicans and the Democrats because they have been considered as swing votes, crucial in determining the success of candidates from both parties. This is true given the fact that traditionally both have roughly the same number of membership. To demonstrate this point, one need not look further than the results of the previous U.S. presidential elections wherein no President had so far claimed an overwhelming support from the majority. Lewis-Beck, for instance, explained that the presidential election in the past had been especially close, with the national popular votes split nearly evenly even when landslides occur such as the 1984 victory of Ronald Reagan, when the popular vote was split ( 59-41).2 This phenomenon demonstrates the importance of voters who are not identified with the Republican and Democratic parties. They are free to change their minds and vote outside of party lines. It also explains the variable that has perplexed many political scientists. With the dominance of the Republican or the Democratic Party in an election, there is no guarantee that it stays in office long. In the American experience, there is frequent alternation in power and when A Democrat is elected in the White House, it does not necessarily mean that his party will control the Congress. The young voters, with their aversion to being identified with a particular political ideology, significantly erode the party identification phenomenon, which, for so long, has formed the fundamental support bases of the Republican and Democratic Parties. Jennings and Mann argued that such identification is the psychological force located near the middle of the funnel of causality at a distance from t he ultimate dependent variable, which is the voting choice and characterizes a voter’s orientation to an important group during the elections. 3 Johnston (2006) referred to the successes of party identification during the 1960s and the immediate years afterwards when the political landscape was fixed according to its dynamics and how perceptions and preferences for candidates are largely dictated by party ideology.4 The case today, however, is increasingly different. During the 2008 presidential elections and the recently concluded electoral exercise, the tone of political campaign provided excellent insights. Political candidates focus their messages in such a way that they appeal to independent young voters by taking up the causes and issues that interest them and appeal to their preferences. Candidates were not shy about admitting this and it goes without any sound reasoning. Young voters are fertile grounds by which candidates could mold, guide and change opinions and per spectives. Several other issues underpin the dynamics and voting behavior of young independent voters. The first of these is that a losing political party is often not considered as decisively defeated and chances of bouncing back in the next elections are extremely high. The vote swing that has ensured narrow victory for the incumbent party could turn to their side just as easily in the next elect

Could machines have minds ( in answering, explain what you mean by Essay

Could machines have minds ( in answering, explain what you mean by mind) - Essay Example When the computer was in its early development stages, it was thought of as an electronic, thinking device, the mechanical equivalent of the human brain. This misconception is a gross oversimplification of the seemingly limitless boundaries of the human mind. The potential of machines were thought to be able to eventually encompass â€Å"an inductive and creative mind, capable of taking initiative, to which human beings could confide all their problems and obtain instant solutions in return† (Ifrah, 1997: 1679). This misconception in the early days of the computer has carried over even to today. This discussion examines the functions of the computer brain along with the similarities and differences to the human brain in addition to the meaning of knowledge and the limitations of machines as compared to the human mind. It also delves into the complex definition of consciousness in some depth so as to illuminate the distinctions between the human mind and the ‘mind’ of the machine. Simply stated, computers are machines which effectively carry out algorithmic functions. The machine discerns formalized input through a sequence of fixed stages through a predetermined, straightforward set of rules of a standardized and exacting description. This allows computers to perform procedures in a precise number of steps. Mechanical computers, unlike the functions of the computer-like brain do not have the capability to determine right from wrong nor can they make judgments, have no feelings and cannot think on their own. It cannot be denied that some types of intelligence can be attributed to computers but this capacity is very limited when balanced against the boundless intricacies in a human’s brain. However, the computer is superior when considering its capability to process information at a higher speed. This has provided humans a useful tool for a myriad of endeavors. Nevertheless, computers cannot reason, imagine, invent, create, express

PHI 101 Metaphysics and Theories of Reality Essay

PHI 101 Metaphysics and Theories of Reality - Essay Example We live in a dynamic universe. Knowledge is continually evolving. Progress on the scientific, economic and political fronts is essential for survival. Stagnation leads to entropy. There can be no standing still or going back. Growth is a fact of life and ensures that knowledge is continuously updated, and new paradigms constantly replace the old. Once the dynamic nature of knowledge is accepted, it follows that there can be no single universally accepted paradigm to withstand the test of time. Perceptions and standards change over time and become relative to a particular period or civilization. There can be no absolute standards. Each new discovery indicates the shortcomings of previous perspectives. This mandates openness to the diversity of life. When knowledge is continually evolving, and change is inevitable, bigotry has no place in belief systems. By acknowledging that beliefs and values are relative, we open our minds to the viewpoints of others. This approach can contribute towards a better understanding of different perspectives and constitute a bulwark against fundamentalism and rigidity in beliefs. The study of knowledge clearly offers evidence of the interdependence of all aspects of the world. The evolutionary nature of the universe, and of knowledge, tends towards increasing complexity. This includes social complexity. The contemporary theory of ‘Open Systems’ emphasizes that all systems are open and demonstrates that there is interaction on all fronts, both within the component parts of a system, and with the surroundings. Interaction is a prerequisite for growth. The complexity and organization of a system can be maintained only through this openness. Just as the units of nature are interdependent open systems, human society is also an open system which can survive only through interaction. Mutual interdependence is a fact of human life. We

Academic Honesty, Who is responsible the student the teachers or the Essay

Academic Honesty, Who is responsible the student the teachers or the admission - Essay Example    According to McCabe, in his essay â€Å"it takes a village,† he considered the problem in African tribal way that it is the responsibility of the society or village to raise a child. Therefore, he argued that it should be the responsibility of the whole campus community including the administrators, the students, and the faculty to shape and effectively educate a student by employing simple strategies to reduce cheating, â€Å"†¦I would argue†¦it takes the whole campus community†¦.to reduce cheating.†. The main issue that he addresses is to enable the institutions, to find innovative ways of using academic integrity as a constructive way of developing more responsible students and citizens. McCabe further argued that in order to enable the students develop honesty and positive behaviour towards education, the entire body of the students, administration and faculty ought to work together to achieve the goal set. â€Å"†¦the village, communityâ⠂¬ ¦actively works together to achieve this goal†¦Ã¢â‚¬  In order to work actively, each body plays an important role in ensuring that the students are well developed in academic matters and reduce cheating actions among them (Choong, and Bob 98). As for teachers, they are expected to teach students moral values and share their responsibility with the students especially during consultations. Students are expected to discover their talents and ability in academic matters. Teachers are therefore helpful in improving the climate of academic honesty in their institutions. Similarly, the administration also plays a role in ensuring that academic integrity has improved in the community. The administration looks out at the roles of both teachers and students in enabling academic honesty in the community and they punish the students involved in dishonesty or cheating. Additionally, students also play a role of their own. For instance, students are expected to

Library system Essay Example for Free

Library system Essay Introduction The world of Information Technology transformed and made the life of human beings easier through the innovation of different machines and software applications. Faster and reliable sources have been offered by search engines which are all over the web. But even though this is the case, many schools and universities are still requiring their students to use library materials in their researches and school works. From the statement of purpose, the compute’rized library system: meeting information needs of the people of Saint Michael College of Caraga, Nasipit, Agusan del Norte. Our proposed system, the Saint Michael College of Caraga Library Management System, is a system wherein there is no need of manual library transactions. This will carry out different processes such as searching books, keep records of the books, borrowing of books and return of books. Hence, at present, Saint Michael College of Caraga is maintaining the School Library in a manual basis. Handling bulky records in a manual method is very difficult. And the process of updating could not be done easily and accurately. Likewise, a manual procedure of handling bulky record is very slow and is prone to manual errors. Consequently, it is proposed that Saint Michael College of Caraga shall maintain an electronic data base management system (DBMS) for the purpose of maintaining the records of the School Library for easy, fast and accurate processing and maintenance of these records that will enhance management decisions and for the improvement of its services to all the stakeholders of Saint Michael College of Caraga. Library is regarded as the brain of any institute; many institutes understand the importance of the library to the growth of the institute and their esteem users (students). Library Management System of Saint Michael College of Caraga supports the general requirement of the library like acquisition, cataloguing, circulation that offers many flexible and convenient features, allowing librarians and library users to maximize time and efficiency. Library System gives the all detailed information about students, staff and books. It will track on the how many books available in library and books issued to the students. It shows popular book among the students. It will provide book lost in library. It keeps the record of the suppliers and book binders. It generates MIS reports for management. Our software is customizable for any library requirement. In this chapter we take opportunity to consider changes in the library services, not in terms of minor, short term change in equilibrium of the sort just noted above, but in longer term. There has been continuing concern about the future of the libraries. Given the extent to which the provision used and the libraries are influenced by the social environment, and given possibilities by the use of new information technology; it would be unreasonable to expect libraries to remain  static. But if not, what would be the nature of the change? The issue is not whether there is a change but what will be the change. If we are to make a claim to understand the nature of library services, the surely we ought to have notions, some forecasts, about how library system might change. Purpose and Description In setting up a library, one aspect that should be considered, what are the resources the library has and what are the ways to provide a better service to the students? Well, one of the easiest ways is having a system to organize all the transactions in the library. A library system is software that will handle basic and systematic organization of function in the library. The system would provide basic set of features to add/update student’s information, add/update books information, search for books and manage check-in/check-out processes. In this application we can maintain the records of students and books and enable to determine how many books are issued and likewise determine the available books in the library. The proposed library system will greatly improve the efficiency of the school library. This study has the following hypothesis: The profiles of the respondents taken are their names, Student ID Number, Year and Course, and Title and Author of the Book Borrowed. The manual system is very time consuming, inconvenient when it comes to recording, organizing and retrieving borrower’s record in the log book. There are few solutions but many a times, we making them works by finding ways to work around system inadequacies. Moreover we have limited staff resources, these work around waste time, effort, and skills that should be spent on user services. solutions do not keep up with the technological changes and hence prove to be time wasters. Library Management system is a small footprint software suitable for personal /individual Libraries. You can store the information about the books and other material and control the movement of the same. Silent Features †¢ Control the movement of books and other material and avoid losing the same. †¢ Search if you have a specific book in your collection based on t he title, author etc. †¢ Print the spine labels for the book. †¢ Find what a specific person has borrowed from you. Objectives The main objective of the application is to automate the existing system of manually maintain the records of the Book Issue, Book Return from the student, Stock Maintenance, and Book Search to be computerized. And to develop a database which stores user details and book details, give reliable search facility for the user, create an easy to understand user friendly environment. So the Book Issue, Return, Searching will be faster. This application can be used by any Library to automate the process of manually maintaining the records related to the subject of maintaining the stock  and Book Issues. The general objective of this study is to design and develop a library system that will serve as a proposal to help librarians save time with the automation of its daily operation. Specific Objectives: †¢To computerize records keeping of books; †¢To allow librarians to retrieve complete information of the book and its borrowers. †¢To check the availability of the books and penalties. †¢To search, issue and return of books. †¢It can only be utilized by the librarian Scope and Limitation The study only focuses on the Information Technology Library Management System of  Saint Michael College of Caraga. Without computers, as some libraries are, all of them are dependent on paper work. When compared to computerized systems, data backup and data retrieval systems are inefficient and labor intensive. Users of a paper based system become almost wholly reliant on the librarians, for all levels of service, whether they are enquiries about existing books, inter-library loans, or the availability of books. There is additionally no real involvement of a user in the entire process. The transactions that the system accommodates are the attendance of every student that  enter the library, book registration and deletion, updating book information and searching thesis references, Borrowing of books, and keeping the record of transaction. Review of Related Literature This chapter contains the relevant outline of literatures related to the study of Library system. This study composed of programming languages, Database and Graphical User Interface (GUI) that is used in the system. This system would be used by members who may be students or professors of that University to check the availability of the books and borrow the books using  automated device, and by the librarian to update the databases. Thepurposeofthisdocumentistoanalyzeandelaborateonthehigh-levelneedsand features of the Library Management System. It focuses on the capabilities and facilities provided by a Library. The details of what all are the needs of the Library Management System and if it fulfils these needs are detailed in the use-case and supplementary specifications. Automated book monitoring system helps to reduce the effect of entering the wrong quantity and the amount of staff time devoted to repetitive activities. Related Studies  According to ACRL (1994) suggested that institution should be prepared to utilized new technologies for accessing information as they are developed. This is why operating the library operations is quite a welcome idea. According to Jeff Kaplan (05/08/2007 A new generation of automated network management software and services is helping in-house staff address this challenge. These let network professionals establish regular patch-management procedures to safeguard against escalating security threats; and create system monitoring routines to identify load imbalances, which could cause service disruptions or performance problems. They also discover, inventory and track assets to make sure that hardware and software licenses are up-to-date and that problems can be resolved faster. According to Voustin Sweere (Aug. 2001) Nowadays every book keeping system used in practice is automated. Most book keeping software an integrated information system are based on database. In this paper, we develop a conceptual book keeping model which is not based on manual techniques, but which is applicable in database environment. Technical Background In this chapter, it provides an overview of all the overall system design, features and  functionalities. The system is design to implement a computerize library management system in Saint Michael College of Caraga. This system consists of one user, the administrator. The administrator can access the system by having first the login security which they have to input his/her user name and password. Once the inputted username and password did not match, the required/registered information it displays â€Å"Invalid Username and Password†. If the username and password match the registered information, the next form will display depending on the role of the administrator.

The History Of Down Syndrome Social Work Essay

The History Of Down Syndrome Social Work Essay This paper looks at the various theories that explain social interactions within the society, such as the gaze model. Other theories are the social model, the medical model and the stigma theory. These theories provide guidance into understanding the various interactions between the disabled and normal individuals within the community. Another name for the Down syndrome phenomenon is trisomy 21. This condition occurs when there is an extra copy of chromosome number 21 in the body system of an individual. Shildrick (2009) denotes that this condition causes a change in the body make of a child, and this leads to facial disfigurement. This article takes a closer look at the impact of the Down syndrome phenomenon. It analyzes the issues that affect the social construction of people with disabilities, and in this case, children with the Down syndrome phenomenon. This paper analyzes a variety of theoretical frameworks that explain the behavior of people in regard to the disabled. It synthesis these theories, into various ideologies of inclusion, and helps in answering the question on whether children whose face are disfigured due to the Down syndrome condition are included in the affairs of the society. This paper defines, and critically examines issues surrounding the social constructions of the disabled. Amongst the issues identified are, social identity, facial disfigurement, disability and the notion of the Down syndrome. DePoy et al (2011) denotes that facial disfigurement occurs when the face of a child takes another form, which is against the normal. It changes the appearance of a person, and the condition has a direct influence on an individuals perception in the society. Social identity refers to the attitude, or perception that a group in the society, views another person or themselves. Social identity emanates from an individual self-conception. DePoy et al further denotes that this perception of self, results to an individual placing him or herself to a specific social group (2011). John Turner and Henri Tajfel developed the theory of social identity, and they did this after studying the behavior of the society towards the disabled people (Tajfel, 1982). The theory denotes that social identity is a process that provides guidance on how people behave, within a group or in relation to others. Frances (2004) observes that people within a social group interact by looking at their status in the society. Frances further denotes that the rich tend to interact with the rich, and the disabled tend to interact with the disabled (2004). Their condition in the society gives them the legitimacy to belong to a particular group. According to the social identity theory, the social environment forces the disabled to withdraw from the various social activities within the community (Frances, 2004). This is because of stigma and discrimination. For instance, children with facial disfigurements will be unable to engage effectively with their peers, either in games or classes. DePoy et al (2011) observes that this is because of the various social groups formed within the society, and these children are unable to fit amongst them. Selikowitz (1997) denotes that disability arises out of the emotional, physical or mental impairment of an individuals body condition. Facial disfigurement amongst children with the Down syndrome phenomenon is an example of a physical disability. Selikowitz further denotes that Down syndrome is the main cause of disability amongst children (1997). Pueschel (2006) observes that during the 20th century, children with the element of the Down syndrome were housed in special institutions, and special houses. This is because of the various discriminative policies followed by the government or the society. This had an impact on their exclusion in the society. This changed in the 1960s with the emergence of the Civil rights movements, whose purpose was to advocate for the rights of children with the Down syndrome condition. To rectify this problem in United States of America, Kathryn McGee formed the National Association of Down Syndrome (Marini et al, 2012). The main goal of the institution was to advocate for the various rights of children with the Down syndrome problem, and ensure their inclusion in the society (Marini et al, 2012). The formation of these associations is an element of the social model theory. The theory denotes that problems that arise out of the disability of an individual are created by the society. The society is characterized by the presence of social groups, which enhance the notion of self-identity. To help disfigured children, it is essential to use social mechanisms such as peer groups, and civil associations to advocate for the rights of the disabled. The surrounding community must initiate environmental procedures that will protect children suffering from the Down syndrome condition. This will ensure their participation in all events of their social lives, minimizing the rate of stigma and discrimination that these children suffer from. This theory makes it possible for a change in the perception of the society towards these children. These changes occur in the cultural beliefs, and ideological perceptions. Davis (2006) denotes that the theory recognizes the specific rights of disabled children, and advocates for various measures that will ensure these children are well protected, and included within the society. Lansdown (1997) denotes that the social model theory advocates for the abolishment of negative stereotyping. It does this through lobbying and holding sensitization conferences to educate people on the various misconceptions about the disabled children. By doing this, they aim to influence their inclusion in the various social affairs of the community. However, medical model theorists argue that disability arises out of the medical malfunctioning of an individuals body. To these theorists, the facial disfigurement of a child is a medical problem, and it requires a medical solution. The medical theorists advocate for surgery, and psychological treatment to improve the facial conditions of these children. The theory lobbys for a health care policy that will address issues that arise because of problems faced by children whose faces are disfigured due to the Down syndrome condition (Marinelli et al, 1991). A good example of such a policy is the American College of Obstetrician and Gynecologists guidance on the procedures of screening pregnant women. This is to identify whether the children they carry will suffer from the Down syndrome condition. According to this model, for children with abnormal facial characteristics to participate effectively in the social environment, they must undergo surgery. This will correct their facial defects. Mojo et al, (2010) denotes that surgery plays an important role in reducing the facial features of a child with the Down syndrome condition. He further denotes that this leads to a reduction in discrimination, and social stigma because their faces are corrected to the normal (Mojo et al, 2010). The use of plastic surgery to correct the facial condition of disabled children is controversial. The European Down Syndrome society advocates against its use. According to the society, children with the Down syndrome condition must find acceptance in the society despite their abnormality. In as much as surgery is important, it is essential to enact social policies that will make these children gain acceptance in the society. This is because not every people can afford to the high costs associated wit h surgery. On this note, it is a moral responsibility for the society to implement measures that will lead to the inclusion of the disabled in the society. This includes enacting policies that will ensure they get better and quality education that compare to their peers. The policies should create special sports and recreational facilities whose main objective is to enable these children to participate in the various social activities of the society. The European Down syndrome society denotes that through surgery, the medical institutions accelerate discrimination and the stigma that these children suffer from. Bluhm et al (2009) denotes that these children will became aware of their medical problems, and this will result to their withdrawal from the community. On this note, instead of accelerating the inclusion of these people into the society, surgery has made them to suffer exclusion. Stigma is an issue that arises in this article. Stigma is a disapproval or discontentment of an individual by observing the various characteristics upon the person that makes them different from other members of the society. Stigma emanates from the opinions of other people towards people with disability, and these opinions can either be right or wrong. By critically analyzing the medical model, children with facial disfigurement suffer from stigma. Rennie (2001) denotes that this is the reason as to why the medical model advocates for surgery, in order to correct their facial conditions. Correcting their conditions will make them integrate within the community, and rectify their low self-esteem. They will manage to involve themselves in various social activities, and these results to their inclusion in the society. According to Erving Goffman, stigma is a behavior and reaction of people, towards another person who does not possess the same identity as theirs. Erving Goffman denotes that there are three different kinds of social stigma, and he names them as (Tremain, 2005); Deviation that occurs due to an individuals behavior, such as alcohol addiction and drug use. Stigma arising from negative ethnicity, and stereotyping. This may either emanate from religion, and or cultural influences. Stigma may arise out of medical conditions that cause external deformations. In this category are people suffering from the Down syndrome phenomenon. Due to stigma, children suffering from the Down syndrome phenomenon are unable to interact freely within the society. This is because of the facial disfigurements, which cause their peers to view them as outsiders. Due to stigma, the notion of negative labeling arises. It creates a sense of us vs. them; as a result, these children cannot fully interact within the society. Their condition makes it impossible for the society to fully accept them, and include them in all aspects of their affairs. These activities can either be social, political, religious or even economic. Tremain (2005) denotes that the gaze theory depicts these children as either worthy or unworthy of societal support. These supports may take the form of home care treatments, special privileges such as the enactment of affirmative actions in employment and school facilities, etc. The gaze theory measures the ability of children with facial disfigurements by their level of interaction in the society (Tremain, 2005). After measuring the abilities of individuals with the Down syndrome problem, the gaze theory then offers a solution to their problems. This solution is based on the acceptance of a disabled person that he or she is unable to survive without the assistance of the community (Mojo et al, 2010). Tremain (2005) observes that when a disabled person insists on his ability to conduct his own affairs, the society leaves him alone. Tremain further denotes that these people will struggle to get the services they are entitled to, because of discrimination and stigma arising out of their refusal to give some of their rights for purposes of gaining acceptance (2005). Bluhm et al denotes that this situation leads to the exclusion of the concerned disabled person in the social affairs of the community (2009). Gaze theory can also refer to the manner in which an individual looks at images of a person, in a visual medium, and thereafter make a comparison to the same individual on a visual text. Under the gaze theory, there are social codes that regulate the way in which a person ought to look like (Bluhm et al, 2009). These codes are strictly regulated by culture. For instance, if a person avoids another persons gaze, it might reflect a sign of nervousness, fear or lack of confidence. Children whose faces are disfigured cannot properly maintain a gaze (Bluhm et al, 2009). The society looks at them as weaklings, and individuals who lack self-esteem and confidence. Basing on this, they are unable to interact fully within a society, and this affects their inclusion in the affairs of the society. Despite these challenges faced by people with the Down syndrome condition, there are a number of renowned persons who have defied stigma, and discrimination to make it in the society. Most of them are in the media, and particularly in the movie industry. An example is Andrea Friedman and Paula Sage. Paula Sage is a Scottish actress who won fame for her role in the movie After life. She won the BAFTA awards, as the best female actress of the season 2003 (Kulesz, 2011). She also won the title of the best actress in 2004 during the Bratislava International film festival. Andrea Friedman is also an actress, and has starred in movies such as Life Goes On; and the television series known as Family Guy. In 1996, Stephen Ginnz was the first actor with a Down syndrome problem to lead a motion picture production. As a result of this, Stephen Ginnz won numerous awards, among them includes, the Wasserman award for the best cinematography, the Warner Bros picture best film award, and the Martin Scorsese best film award. Stephen won all this awards in 1996 (Kulesz, 2011). Another actor is Tommy Jessop, who starred in the BBC drama known as Coming Down the Mountain. In 2008, Tommy won the Radar people of the year, human rights media award. He has also appeared in Holby city, Casualty, Doctors and Monroe. All this are British television series programs. In 2010, Tommy starred in the BBC television program, the Stone. Another notable figure is Pablo Pineda. He is a Spanish actor, who starred in the film, Yo Tambien (Kulesz, 2011). In the film, he takes the role of a university graduate, with the Down syndrome condition. Due to his role in the film, Pineda won the 2009 Silver Shell award. Thes e actors won these awards because of the recognition of their talents by their various viewers. This recognition denotes no matter how disable a person is, with talent, and hard work, he will gain acceptance within the society. To conclude on this paper, children with the Down syndrome condition face a lot of stigma and discrimination in the societal set up. Their peers view them as outsiders, as a result of this; they are unable to effectively participate in the various activities that their fellow children engage in. This leads to an element of exclusion, and not inclusion. Things are changing in the current century. Movements such as the European Down Syndrome association have emerged, and their main objective is to sensitize people on the various misconceptions they have regarding children with the Down syndrome phenomenon. PERSONAL REFLECTION ON DISABILITY THAT ARIZES FROM THE DOWN SYNDROME CONDITION: The notion that people who are disable cannot make it in society is false. These people are human beings, and need to live a normal life, just like normal people, who do not possess any form of malfunctioning in their body system. To help this people lead a normal life, it is important for the government and the society to work hand in hand in ensuring that the disabled manage to acquire social services, such as education, health services, etc. It is the discriminative tendencies, and the stigma that the society faces that make these children to feel as if they are no longer needed in the society. It is important for the government to enact policies that are effective in tackling the mentioned problems. On this note, to help these children feel as if they are part of the society, the government and all social groups in the community must work hand in hand for purposes of making life better for these children.

Types, causes, and advantages and disadvantages of monopolies

Types, causes, and advantages and disadvantages of monopolies Monopoly is the situation in which there is a single seller of a product (i.e., a good or service) for which there are no close substitutes. The word is derived from the Greek words monos (meaning one) and polein (meaning to sell). Governmental policy with regard to monopolies can have major effects not only on specific businesses and industries but also on the economy and society as a whole. Types Oligopoly: Is a situation in which sales of a product are dominated by a small number of a relatively large seller who is able to collectively exert control over its supply and prices. Cartel: Is a type of oligopoly in which a centralized institution exists for the purpose of coordinating the action of several independent suppliers of a product. The best example today is the Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) Trust: Popular way to form monopolies in USA. This was an arrangement by which stockholders in several companies transferred their shared to a single set of trustees. In exchange, the stockholders received a certificate entitling them to a specified share of the consolidated earning of the jointly managed companies. The trust came to dominate a number of major industries (tobacco, sugar, etc.) Monopsony: Is the opposite of a conventional monopoly in the sense that there is only a single buyer or only one dominant buyer for a product for which there are multiple sellers. Some companies are both monopolies and monopsonies. By being also a monopsonist, a monopoly can increase its profits even further by putting pressure on the companies that supply inputs for its products to reduce their prices. Extreme cases Pure monopoly: One company has complete control over the supply or sales of a product for which there are no good substitutes. Perfect competition: There are many sellers of identical or virtually identical products. Causes of monopoly By developing or acquiring control over a unique product that is difficult or costly for others companies to copy. By having a lower production cost than competitors. By using various legal and illegal tactics (predatory tactics) By controlling a platform and using vendor lock-in. By receiving a government grant of monopoly status, becoming a government-granted monopoly. Advantages Despite their reputation for evil, monopolies can actually generate a net benefit for society under certain circumstances. These are usually situations in which the power and duration of the monopoly are carefully limited. Natural monopolies can be particularly beneficial. This is because of their ability to attain lower costs of production, often far lower, than would be possible with competitive firms producing the same product in the same region. However, it is almost always necessary for such monopolies to be regulated by a relatively uncorrupted government in order for society to obtain the potential benefits. This is because such monopolies by themselves, as is the case with all monopolies, have little incentive to charge prices close to cost and, rather, tend to charge profit-maximizing prices and restrict output. Likewise, there is often little incentive to pay much attention to quality. It has long been recognized that government-granted monopolies can benefit society as a whole by providing financial incentives to inventors, artists, composers, writers, entrepreneurs and others to innovate and produce creative works. In fact, the importance of establishing monopolies of limited duration for this purpose is even mentioned in the U.S. Constitution. Disadvantages Large monopolies have considerable potential to damage both economies and democratic governments and monopolists often go to extreme lengths to disguise or hide such harmful effects. Example The table below illustrates the case of monopoly. Marginal cost is the value of the additional resources needed to produce another unit of output. The marginal benefit to consumers is the price that consumers are willing to pay for each unit. You should recognize this column as a demand curve. The maximization principle tells us that the economically efficient amount to produce is five, the amount that gives consumers the greatest value. To produce the first unit, the firm takes resources that have a value of $5.00 and turns them into something with a value of $7.01. Because this transformation has increased value, producing the first unit is more economically efficient than producing none. By this logic, producing the sixth unit would decrease economic efficiency because the firm would take resources with a value of $5.00 and transform them into something with a value of only $4.51. The monopolist, however, will find it most profitable to produce only three units because it does not see marginal benefit the same way that buyers see it. For the seller, the extra benefit of the second unit is only $6.01. It sells the second unit for $6.51, but to sell the second unit, it had to reduce the price it charged by $.50. Thus, it lost $.50 on the first unit, so the net increase in its revenue was only $6.01. (You can get the same answer by computing a total revenue column and then calculating revenue increases.) In a similar manner, the rest of the fourth column can be obtained. Using the maximization principle, one can see that producing beyond the third unit is not in the interests of the firm. The fourth unit brings in added benefits of only $4.01 to the firm (it sells for $5.51, but to sell it, the firm lowers price by $.50 on three other units), but costs an added $5.00. From the point of view of the buyers, however, the fourth unit should be produced. It brings them added benefits of $5.51 and uses resources worth only $5.00.

my interest in psychology Essay -- Graduate Admissions Essays

my interest in psychology    I have always been intrigued by the mental processes of humans and animals. As a young child and into adolescence, as a student and teacher and as a caregiver, I have always been interested in psychology in one form or another. This essay will reflect not only the development of my interest in psychology, but the development of myself as a person.    I was born into a family with Native American heritage that practiced a strict protestant religion. As a child, I would often wonder why people's attitudes, behaviors and beliefs could be so different from one another. I wondered why some people believed in things with great zeal, yet other people believed the contrary just as vehemently.    As an adolescent, I was enrolled in an accelerated high school program from which I graduated at age 14. I was then faced with the decision at a very young age of what direction my adult life would take. During this time, I also began researching my Native American heritage and began to form my own outlook on individuality, life, spirituality and relationships. My beliefs eventually evolved, and became very contrary to the belief system which was prevalent in my childhood environment.    It was also during this time that I first learned about the field of psychology. I felt it was very natural for me to gravitate towards a field that investigated the affect, behavior, and cognition of humans and animals, since I had always shown an interest in this area.    During my initial years as an undergraduate student, I found myself very interested in the psychological issues that I was learning about. I also found how difficult attending college and working full time could be. Duri... ... expression of cognitive abilities and disabilities. Within this thesis, I investigated common research paradigms, such as twin and adoption studies. Additionally, I examined assumptions used within the methodologies, common data analyses (i.e. concordance rates and heritability measures) and methodological strengths and flaws of different experimental designs. In addition to assisting in research and performing a literature review (first author) in the area of behavioral genetics, I am a member of several behavioral genetic societies in order to remain updated on the research in the field of genetic inheritance and behavior.    Currently I am in the process of furthering my research in these areas by completing my pre-dissertation on interaction of GABA genes in occurrence of Autistic Disorder and an independent project on depression and mental retardation.

Essay --

Middle Ages building all over the world, good number of them has captured the imagination of visitors throughout time like the Alhambra. Its average daily visitors reaches, 6,000 tourists visit the Alhambra in Granada, Spain. Much grant has occurred with respect to the Palace of the Lions, one of two castles that made it throughout the original six or seven. What makes it such a rich mine for study is the ample improved way in decoration and styling, and additionally its abnormal floor arrangement and then the water fountain. While many differing viewpoints on the Palace of the Lions have been carefully noted and very well supported, all concur that the Alhambra is a sublime mosaic in which impacts from Europe, the Almohads, the Fatimids, and the Eastern Islamic world can be seen. Instead of giving just detailed, step-by-step description on of the floor plan and layout of the palaces (which abound in the literature), I will focus on an overview of the Alhambra, a few of the unique features of the Palace of the Lions that reflects Arabs cultures, and then examine how writers and schol...

Assignment Organizational Behavior Essay

Situational Leadership provides a simple and logical framework with four basic decision-making styles – authoritative, consultative, facilitative, and delegative. Briefly describe these styles and describe when they are appropriate to use. Our textbook states that authoritative decision-making style, â€Å"applies in situations where the manager has the necessary experience and information to reach a conclusion and followers do not possess the ability, willingness, or confidence to help† (p. 295). This would be appropriate when you are the only source of information or expertise. According to p. 296 of our textbook, consultative decision-making styles are a â€Å"valuable strategy when the manager recognizes that the followers also possess some experience or knowledge of the subject and are willing but not yet able to help†. This style is appropriate when there is more time to make a decision on important issues and requires input from people who can be directly impacted by those decisions. Facilitative decision-making, as stated on p. 96 of our textbook as well, â€Å"is a cooperative effort in which manager and followers work together to reach a shared decisions†. This approach would be useful when dealing with an able, but not confident follower. Delegative decision making, covered on p. 297 of our textbook, is used â€Å"when follower high in readiness who have the experience and information needed to make the proper decision or recommendation†. This style is appropriate when â€Å"the manager can look forward to a high level of performance by saying, ‘You know this subject. Work on it and let me know what you come up with’† (p. 297).

Commerce Case Study Report

The following give nonice (of) looks at the developwork forcet of informal agony claims inside collective Australia that advance been lodged with the Australian serviceman Rights Commission over the last decade. David J stars Pty Ltd and Pricewaterhouse make argon devil prevalent baptistrys which keep attr deeded negative media with dissemble to Sexual Harass manpowert, and this report utilises both s puddle Management and expedience Theories to scrutinise various impacts, responsibilities and recommendations for Individuals, Organisations and parliamentary physical process.Organisational and societal tillage is set as the main(a) add factor of employment Sexual Harassment, and it is identified inwardly the report that besides statute law and hightail itplace risk caution approaches address to be enacted if the emergence is to be addressed.Methods of give-up the ghostplace mechanisms to curtail the increase obligate been listed as inductor, traini ng, and facilitation of piece of work qualify. Prompt and decisive follow up is in addition necessary to address issues when raised. Societal nicety also is identified as requiring change through with(p) Legislation, and the requirement for ph all in allic persons of political, social and governmental business feeder to lead the heathenish change commission process.It is this reports recommendation that get ahead re linear perspective of Legislation and employment practices be urgently undertaken with a view to rationalise the steadily rising number of account employment Sexual Harassment claims in spite of appearance corporal Australia.Figure 1 Australian gentlemans gentleman Rights Commission Statistics Over the source(prenominal) decade at that place has been a unremitting increase in the prevalence of informal badgering in the body of work. The Australian Human Rights Commission (2010) statistics (Figure 1) demonstrate a steady increase in reported wooings of familiar worrying from 2000 to 2009. In 2007 a former executive of Pricewaterhouse Coopers filed come up-grounded suit against her foregoing employer alleging she was innerly harassed by an executive, Mr Edwards. She desire $11 jillion compensation for monetary prys, discharge of earnings and former(a)wise(a) compensation (Australian Associated Press, 2008).When Ms Rich raised the issue of her intimate torture with senior direction, senior executives responded by placing her on access restrictions, banning her from the office, allocating clients to other partners, and reducing her salary (Clifton, 2007). A dependency between $5 and $6 million was reached on 20 March 2008. Pricewaterhouse Coopers poke bring out to deny the claims, tho, each party has current that the opposing party had their let got perspectives, and if would not accept the other as completely accurate (Moran, 2008).More new-made evidence of Sexual Harassment in Corporate Austra lia attracting negative media attention is the case of Kristy Fraser-Kirk vs. David Jones Pty Ltd initiated earlier this year claiming compensation of $37 million for alleged incidences of intimate harassment by former CEO hit McInnes. The key difference between the two cases highlighted indoors this report is, in re fulfill to Fraser-Kirks allegations and intense media scrutiny, McInnes resigned. He claims his resignation was for the gather of the partnership and his family.Harrison (2005) argues that legion(predicate) pass oning view this approach to ethical decision make as the antithesis of ethical. This legal case is still before the courts. Notably, in both highlighted cases above, organisational grow is present to largely d sanitary of knowledgeable harassment and discrimination. Alarmingly, statistics and media attention study highlighted these allegations atomic number 18 not isolated. Corporate Australia requires speedy attention to stem the steady increase of intimate harassment.Alexander and Lewer (1998) state of matter on that point is momentous inter march between industrial relations practices and the economy demonstrating linkages between individuals, organisations and beau monde that essential be addressed. Impact on Individuals, Organisations and club Individuals the key impact is a great deal emotional. A victim or informal harassment may lose the business leader to attain premium quality of life, when comp bed to Maslows Hierarchy of Needs as set forth by Turner (1995) * Physiological change magnitude stress take aims, mental health, flowd backbone of self-importance worth, as well as creating many other health issues. refuge C atomic number 18er focus can be destroyed, income reduced through absenteeism or tone ending of employment, affecting the level of security one may sustain.* Belonging feelings of violation and isolation and decreased sense of observe. This view is tell by Weisberg (1996, pg 7 25) quoting Lin Farley the abuse also impacts destructively by disrupting fe manful transaction attachment, promoting fe phallic unemployment and inhibiting female solidarity. * Esteem as a pass of a deficiency of belonging and lack of reliable income, the self worth and the value placed by colleagues and employer is decreased.Lengthy legal battles impact on an individuals financial st expertness whilst media scrutiny impacts on individual esteem and adds pressure on family and other relationships. * Self cultivateualization states that to come through self- real(a)ization, all other take must be met first. therefore, by limiting the cogency to meet all other inevitably of the Hierarchy, inner harassment limits ones ability to become self actualized. Sexual harassment impacts both the victim and the perpetrator. The credibility and seniority of many of the perpetrators can be decreased.The accusations can lead to loss of justice in the workplace and subsequent decrea ses to job opportunities and future earning capability. Organisations costs to organisations can be both internal and impertinent. Some primary issues argon listed below. * Loss of revenue. Due to media and reality scrutiny and disapproval of conduct, sales may decrease. * Increases in operational expenditures. There is a range of causal factors for increases in direct expenses. Staff absenteeism and lack of productivity of cater due to ongoing internal and media investigations into the allegations. change magnitude expenses for insurances. Public relations campaigns to negate media injury to fellowship branding and sales. Increases in recruitment costs due to staff movements to to a great extent favourable work destinations and other organisations. * Impacts to other organisations much(prenominal) as restitution Industry, governing body and their resultant use of resources much(prenominal) as Hospitals, Police Services, apostrophize systems, and Mediation services. * Corporate Australia as a whole is wedge with each allegation, as financial measures are taken to belittle the risks of faderence within their own businesses.Financial costs such as Insurance levies rise, as do taxes to present the brass in its efforts to minimise occurrences, assist the victims, and finalise the claims through Court systems. Status or effect differentials occur due to employee composition and sex ratios. * cost is incurred as internal review committees are formed to critically analyse company Harassment, Anti- dissimilitude, Risk Management and Critical ensuant Policies and review and implement all recommended measures.Society Impacts upon society are the changes to societal culture, awareness and drainage of public resources. Medical resources are accessed due to the impact on individuals, as are legal systems due to judicial proceeding instigated by the victims. Media outlets and organisational public relations campaigns movement to act upon societa l responses and opinions. At the arrange stage of sexual harassment in Australia, there is a Spotlight focused on Australian Corporate culture making society consider their own workplace experiences and explore their rights.This exploration inescapably leads to questioning of our legal system and its support for workers rights and anti-discrimination command which before long underpins society. The Occupational Health and Safety Act 2000 states, in Section 8, that an employer must ensure the health, safety and welfare at work of all the employees of the employer. Society then becomes disconnect and disbelieving of the Governments ability to assert societal law and value systems. Where many Corporate Australian businesses have global operations, society suffers further through both reduced global frugal trade and a stigma of pagan discrimination.Whilst our pursuit of equation in all forms is held tenaciously in the balance subvert which side the Media leave alone back, in many cases forcing public viewpoints from the rational to the superficial. Societal views of the organic subordinate role of women within the workforce, and the disproportional forefinger and dominance of a male role is perpetuated and enforced. Risk Management a priori Perspective Risk is an unavoidable instalment of life. It is a comprehend or truly possibility that an unfavourable outcome (such as loss or harm) could result from victorious a particular action (Rescher, 1983).There are three stages in determine a risk, and its worth (Rescher, 1983) * weft of action what action is to be undertaken. * negativism of outcome what risk is natural to the action. What other options are available to pursue. * Chance of identification the probability of risk actually occurring. Risk can be managed in a variety of ways, depending on the risk at hand, and the expense which is volitioning to be incurred. When a company implements a risk management process, they follow three b asic rules The primaeval Rules of Risk Taking (Rescher, 1983)* Maximise judge values (see graphs) Avoid catastrophes * Dismiss highly unrealistic possibilities When utilise within the scope of Sexual Harassment in the oeuvre the two organisational viewpoints for the management of risk will be * Take out Insurance * Create a Sexual Harassment Policy Insurance will not prevent the possibility of the occurance of sexual harassment, it will only cushion economic implications (Rescher, 1983). This is knowing to enable the organisation to continue operating in the event of an allegation occuring.The creation of an Organisational Sexual Harassment Policy however, will have a far greater impact on prevention of such behaviour if enforced and promulgated end-to-end the company. It should also provide guidance is law of closure of issues and denote penalties or risks to perpetrators as well as support mechanisms for victims. Absence of a insurance could be used as evidence that an e mployee has authority to engage in misconduct, and make the employer liable (Pearson, 1997). When defining a sexual harassment constitution, Warfel and Query (2004) state that the organisation must* Define their signification of sexual harassment Provide examples of what they consider sexual harassment * An explicit disputation that sexual harassment will not be tolerated. * Explanation on how claims will be dealt with * A statement that retaliatory action will not be tolerated * A statement that corrective action will be taken afterward creating a Sexual Harassment policy it is vital that the policy be communicated, understood and upheld at all levels of the organisation on a regular basis through training, induction and displayed within organisational culture (Pearson, 1997).If claims are made, it is crucial they are investigated and appropriate action taken under the policy. All members of an organisation should be compliant under the policy. self-conceit Theoretical Persp ective Gibson (2007) comments that an egoist would word that one should put ones own interests and concerns above those of others, regardless of external ethical standards. This statement is critical if we are to understand Egoism. The concept that we all belong within a sense of self interested morality explains at almost levels the complex nature of perpetrators of sexual harassment.It provides a level of understanding along the lines of only the strong survive which is highlighted by Catherine Mackinnon in Weisburg (2010, p726) where every(prenominal) incidence of sexual harassment reproduces the inequitable social structure of male supremacy and female subordination which anti-discrimination legislation seeks to eliminate. This level of thinking is the crux of the societal damage caused by the increasing trend towards incidences of sexual harassment within Corporate Australia, where it is comprehend only the strong and ruthless survives.The David Jones Pty Ltds recent case can be compared with Machiavellis (1515) observation that a bluff leader should acquire and use power to his personal advantage by some(prenominal) means possible. Applying Egoism conjecture to the perpetrators of sexual harassment, it can be make up that the basic human temptation to take what is wanted or is a perceived right, overrides any awareness or application of Risk Management Theory. It appears that their precondition or power will efficaciously protect them, or that the victim inherently will wish to increase their consideration by accepting these advances.This is ratified by Shaw et al (2009, pg 59) regarding Firestone Tyres where it is declared by a company spokesperson . policy was to petition for corrections only when it was beneficial to the company to do so. The action of Pricewaterhouse Cooper, and David Jones, is thoughtful of Egoism theory as stated by the Firestone Tyres spokesperson. When incidences of harassment occurred, they appear to have negated their own internal policies and risk management mechanisms, and responded in an Egoist manner.Responsibilities of Individuals, Organisations and Society Victims have a function to report and contend action against illegal activity. This in release empowers others to feel supported and understood which is demonstrated by the other women who most probable wouldnt have spoken out about their experience had Fraser-Kirk not done so herself. It also enables change within the workplace, legal systems and ultimately society at large. It is understood that most sexual harassment cases go unreported with the victim kind of simply leaving the workplace.This creates an opportunity for perpetrators, as silence is regarded as complicity and acceptance of the behavior. Victims also have a responsibility to act appropriately within their employment contracts and honestly report all incidences of workplace sexual harassment. Individuals must adhere to company policy as well as hump and respect colleagues rights with regard to relevant workplace policies and legislation. This action will contribute to a positive work culture. Perpetrators are often in a position of power and have an inherent responsibility to lead by example.In the case of Mr McInnes and Mr Edwards, neither man behaved in this manner, thus perpetuating a workplace culture of acceptance, and a perception of do as I say, not as I do. Organisations have a legal responsibility to act in the exceed interest of all staff and executives, however organizations have a duty of pity to ensure that relevant workplace legislation pertaining to the welfare of employees is effectively communicated and enshrined within workplace practices. The best way to do this is to lead by example and ensure that breaches are swiftly and efficiently dealt with.Society itself has many responsibilities to uphold regarding sexual harassment. Society has the power to support ethical and responsible acts to uphold integrity within Corp orate Australia. They have the power to influence organizations, legislation and Government to adopt risk management practices rather than egoism in order to maintain a positive brand image. Society can influence good bodily citizenship by enforcing individual, and organisational, accountabilities and responsibilities.Recommendation to Individuals, Organisations and Society It is powerfully recommended that individuals continue to pursue their individual and workplace rights in order to work towards actual realisation as according to Maslow. Reporting, and reenforcement those who do, is an integral component of a workplace free from harassment. They additionally have a responsibility contribute to a workplace free from discrimination by move in, and adhering to, workplace training programs and policies.Within organisations, it is recommended that the sexual harassment policy be hold as separate to any anti-discrimination policies with a built in grievance procedure and validati on process. Any complaints should be dealt with swiftly and supportively with real consequences for perpetrators, such as probation, demotion or termination. These processes should be communicated to staff on induction to the organisation and throughout their careers by authorization training and awareness programs, with employees and executives having to sign on receipt of training and policy documents.It is tyrannical that risk management practices be applied in favour of egoistic approaches if the organisational culture is to support a change within the organisational culture. Organisational change can only be accomplished if it is championed from those with the ultimate power. It is the responsibility of the executive board to drive this change for the bring in of all, the reduction or elimination of sexual harassment practices will ultimately decrease absenteeism and staff turnover due to harassment, and increase morale and productivity.Society too, has a responsibility to e nsure equality in every aspect of their lives by teaching our children that grammatical gender does not determine worth. We further have a responsibility to petition for change in legislation, and hold Corporate Australia responsible for its actions. As consumers we hold great power and this can be used to influence and support company responsibilities. Conclusion It is this reports decision that an egoist societal and organisational culture is straightaway linked with the increase in sexual harassment cases lodged with the Australian Human Rights Commission.It further finds that adoption of a risk management perspective for the protection of individual, organisational and societal well being is necessary to ensure fundamental rights, responsibilities and legislation is upheld. Whilst it is understood that organisational culture needs to be specifically targeted to reduce incidences of sexual harassment in the workplace, the significance of a male driven response to the prevalence of sexual harassment within Corporate Australia cannot be overlooked.This is highlighted by Elizabeth Broderick, Sex Discrimination Commissioner where she states we should recognise the importance of mens role in promoting gender equality in workplaces. I firmly believe that we will only see significant gains when men start working with men to solve this problem. After all it is men who dominate nearly every inception in this country, particularly in our workplaces. If there is to be change, male CEOs and business leading must champion it. We need men taking up the advocacy cape and leading by example.

Childcare and Education Unit 4

chela word forming block 4 Assignment Michelle Pieh Children & feed unwrapact Rebecca Myring 11/16/2009 Introduction meet is the main mood in which peasantren learn and on that pointfore encounter affects all aspects of a childs kick d possessstairsment. Valuing childrens tactical manoeuvre prop up should be pushd. Allow the barf on of their avow hold up. sustain interests. Playing on their experience should be encouraged. spurt in a way that suits them. big(p) cost increase to be engagement. Play as a way of communication. Recreate familiar themes. Transport resources to where they wish. Learn trump when they ar enjoying themselves. Allow for time and space. Facts about acceptThrough tamper children learn about their world. Play is considered to be a primary need of children. The stages of receive change as a child grows older. The characteristics of blowout change as disparate stages of organic evolution be reached. All children go through the st ages of conform to as they grow evolve. Children build up at distinguish equal order therefore some children whitethorn take eternal to go through a particular stage. D1/D7) lay 1 Zoo assay work on sweep Setting 2 super aciding lot Setting 3 marge Setting 1 A zoological gardenlogical gardenlogical garden adventure fit field of study is an enclosed area containing symbolize equipment. D7) It has roll up chair, pushchair/pram access.It has a form of facilities ranging from a cafe with outdoor seating area for large(p)s to position and watch their children diarrhoea to gage facilities for all. In the play area there is specialise staff for children that redeem disabilities so they flush toilet admirer them join in with any games that are spillage on. The play area where the children plunder play has a safe outside area where children puke play without parents worrying about the children getting hurt. The area is animal themed and the toys outsid e are animal shaped and copy such(prenominal) as a swing in the shape of a lions mane and is yellow and o reach tree to show it is a lions mane.A slide is in the shape of a zebras tongue the nip of the steps is the head and the handles are the mouth clear wide and the slide is the tongue. Setting 2 A common is an enclosed area where children lav play without parents having to worry about their child going out of the park onto a street near a main road. There may be contrastive parts in the park that are particularly designed for each age trudge. For standard Babies/ lessened children there may be a buggy play area, bucket swings that a child can be harnessed into, small low sit on toys and a small slide.Aged 6 -10 children there may be a larger slide, imaginesaw, roundabout, swings, small trampolines, move uping word forms and tyre swings. Teenagers there may be b expectetball courts, tennis courts, football nets, data track track, climbing wall/ abseiling wall, gol f course, wire swings, zip fastener wire, a weather pitch for all sports and a big trampoline that has a net around it to sustainment them safe whilst jumping. Setting 3 The border is a large area containing good sense and water. The children like make linchpin castles. They also like feeling the different textures e. g. Water and horse sense mixed together. The children also have a chance to have a donkey ride.D7) There are also ramps for access for wheel chairs, push chairs/ prams. On the beach there involve to be parental supervision. D2) Age range for zoo between 18-24 months to 16 age Stage of play for the zoo is stunner aged between 18 months 24months to 4 long time and co working play for aged 4+ children. Age range for park 2 old age to 16 years Stage of play for the park is spectator 24 months to 4 years and co intelligence agent for aged 4+ children. Age range for beach 2 years to 16years Stage of play is spectator 24 months to 4 years and co operative f or aged 4+ children.Co operative play is where children play together with shared goals. Play can be quite complicated and children are supportive. D3) The type of play that goes on is Zoo personal play Park infer play margin discovery play Zoo At the zoo children would be involved in physical play. They would do this by finding different equipment to play on. development all the different equipment they would exercising which would form their muscles, stamina, counterweight and Co-ordination. (Tassoni P, Hucker K, 2005, Pg 163) Park At the park they would find different equipment to play on.They would pretend to act out things and pretend that they are other wad. This go out enable children to use their imagination and develop their own imaginative opinions. (Walker M, Beaver, M Brewster, J Neaum, S and Tallack, J 2008 Page 195) Beach They would discover sand and water. They would also discover premix sand and water. They may find shells, crabs, star search and jel ly fish. D4) Zoo is physical play An usage of a zoo play area would be playing on the monkey bars which would be developing their gross motor skills. This volition develop whole body and limb movements, co-ordination and ease. Walker M, Beaver, M Brewster, J Neaum, S and Tallack, J 2008 page 194) Park is pretend play An example of pretend play at a local park would be a child playing on a climbing frame that has a wheel on it and they are pretending it is a ship/boat, aero designinge/helicopter. Beach is discovery play An example of a beach would be discovering different shells, sea life, boats, and textures of sand by building sand castles. Mixing sand and water together to make sand pies. under create seeledge and substantiateing of the world. D5) Beach discovery play and maria Montessori surmise. The main points of female horse Montessoris surmise are Children bury through particular development stages. This is the substantial for the child to be able to learn. * M ontessori developed a organise education programmed based on these stages, including a number of specially devised pieces of equipment that encourage children to develop certain skills. * Limited emphasis is placed on counting, reading and writing these leave behind follow formerly the basic social and emotional development has interpreted place. * A Childs natural will to learn should be encouraged to foster a lifelong motivating for education. * Children should be encouraged to work alone.Montessori felt the outmatch learning occurred when children were foc employ, silent and completely absorbed in a task. * Montessori did non hope in withdraw play and did not encourage children to develop their own ideas play needed to have a learning focus. (Garhart M C, 2000, Pg 21-37) Maria Montessori believed that children learn by doing matter-of-fact activities and by playing outdoors. D6) Setting 1 zoo adventure play area * In the adventure play area with children aged 18-24 mon ths to 16 years, an prohibition course could be arranged to include either a route over a senior high climbing frame or a press down route through it.The risks would be bumping into others, move and falling. I have elect this operation as it will allow children to understand risks e. g. heights, bumping of the body parts. The challenge would be learning their limitations. Setting 2 park In the park with children aged 2 years to 16 years, a park play area could be set up in the shape of a trim trail to include a variety of apparatus that supply challenges. The risks would be bumping into others, slipping and falling. The risks that the children will learn to understand are bumping into other children, slipping on play equipment and falling off of play equipment.The challenge that they might have to overcome is to see how high they can swing on a swing whilst feeling comfortable. Setting 3 beach On the beach with children aged 2 years to 16 years, provide activities e. g. dig ging and making sand castles which challenges them to be sensible when handling the sand. The risk would be getting sand in their/other peoples eyes, risk of drowning in the sea, risk of world bitten by crabs and getting stung by jelly fish. The risks could be getting sand in their eyes, getting bitten by animals and drowning in the water. The challenge they will have to vercome is learning about what can guide if they touch certain animals. C1/D7) Setting 1 zoo adventure playground contend and risk activity chosen in (D6) was obstacle course. Resources that would be employ * Climbing frame with monkey bars, lower and higher(prenominal) side. * Tunnels. * Under and over bars. Health and gum elastic equipment * unattackable area. * Helmet. * Knee pads and elbow pads. * prophylacticty mats, non slip floor. * Supervision. * countenance footgear, clothing. These resources have been chosen because For childrens own upbeat and safety. They allow children to achieve the learning outcomes that have been think for.They meet individual childrens unavoidably- D7. admits different levels of play for age range and ability. Setting 2 park Challenge and risk activity chosen in (D6) was trim trail. Resources that would be used * Apparatus e. g. swings, balance walking logs, climbing nets, tyres, swinging logs. Health and safety equipment * Safe area. * Knee pads, elbow pads. * Helmet. * Supervision. * Appropriate footwear and clothes These resources have been chosen because For childrens own welfare and safety. They are appropriate to age range and stage of development of the children. They meet individual childrens require D7.Setting 3 Beach Challenge and risk chosen in (D6) was digging sandcastles. Resources that would be used * Spade. * Bucket. Health and safety * Clean area. * Safe area. * Goggles. * Supervision from parents/carers. These resources have been chosen because Encourages exploration. Encourages open minded play. They meet individual needs D7 . B1) Giving children activities that challenge them and make them understand risks by Builds up resilience as they nonplus more awake of challenges that they will experience in the future and it will help them to become more comfortable, confident when faced with the kind of challenge. Bruce D. Perry M. D. Ph. D Professor of Child Psychiatry, part of Psychiatry and behavioral Sciences). Develops an awareness of potential difference hazards. Younger childrens awareness of hazards is march on raised through staffs gentle reminders, for example, prior to activities, such as cooking. Children benefit from individual towels and soap dispensers, which stamp down the risk of cross? infection. To, ensure that the risk of potential hazards is minimised. Children also develop say-so and self-esteem because staffs build positive, trusting relationships with them. (Ofsted Creche report) Prevents ennui.As young children dont understand time the way grown-ups do but boredom is not alway s a bad thing, it can also get children thinking creatively and can pay to take a more brisk role in preventing boredom. (Sanders, M. R. Christenson, A. P. (1985). Pgs 13, 101-117). Builds confidence. As they do the activities again again they will have confidence in doing the activity as they will k in a flash how to do it. Potential learning opportunity such as they learn that you have to follow instruction manual to get to the end product. wins mental stimulation. E. g. helps children to function for longer.Maria Montessori developed a method for young children, which was root in the senses and involves manipulating everyday objects and following highly incorporated activities that engage children but rarely allow them to fail. Develops essential life skills. E. g. money, telling the time, addition/subtraction and measurements and so forth Activities that provide children with a challenge and risks Climbing frame know their own limitations but not put off but to overcome it and be determine. hopefully next time they wont climb as high and only go half(prenominal) way so they learn from previous times. B2)Adult led sessions are often used to infix children to exploration and investigation through play. This helps them to develop their own play agenda and ideas. Children appreciate adults who help to encumber their play flowing as long as they dont take over. How they would do this? geographic expedition Involve them in activities. E. g. Building Sandcastles, Finding sea shells and stones. Encourage them to learn about new things. For example colours, numbers and letters. Plan activities that relate to childrens experiences. E. g. Places were on holiday. Encourage activities that encourage exploration.E. g. Making ice or jelly. Offer a variety of activities. E. g. collage making, astragalus or outdoor play. How they would do this for investigation Provide equipment. E. g. Bucket and spade or binoculars and magnifying glass. Provide plenty of time. To allow children to finish the activity so they get the whole potential. Present activities that allow closure problems e. g. floating and sinking. Allow the children to work together. So they can work as a team ingredient and listen to other childrens ideas and try to work on things together. Introduce new subjects and topics.To help develop however knowledge. A1) Name of theorist wrote about in D5 was Maria Montessori. Marias main ideas and theories are Children pass through particular developmental stages. This is essential for the child to be able to learn. Montessori developed a structured education programme based on these stages including a number of specially developed pieces of equipment that encourage children to develop certain skills. Limited emphasis is placed on counting reading and writing. Children should be encouraged to work alone. To encourage confidence in what they think.Montessori did not believe in free play and did not encourage children to develop their own ideas. Influences on todays practice There are many Montessori schools end-to-end Europe usually privately run. The method promotes a carefully patternned environment that neither allows children inwardness freedom nor imposes activities on them. Some nurseries follow the plan completely and purchase Montessori equipment and use her theories with a pliant programme. (Garhart M C, (2000) Page 21-37) What difference (if any) might there be if the adult was aware of this theory?If the adult was aware of the theory the adult would be aware of discovery play and be able to plan activities in more depth. They will also be aware of the benefits of discovery play. How do you think the theory will affect an adults understanding of childrens play? They might think that something that the child is playing is not discovery. So this might not give the children as many opportunities. A*) The role of the adult in providing activities and supporting childrens play is to provide applicable resources to enable children to do specific activities e. g. ard making needs card, glue, sticking things/materials. An adult also sets out a play area for the children to play in. Adults make suggestions to utter the childrens knowledge and to support them when playing. Adults should also ask the children questions to develop their understanding. The adult considers the childrens needs e. g. provide activities for different levels of needs (D7). I had no idea that there was so much to play. I had no idea that there was a lot of supplying towards play and how play was actually structured earlier than just giving a child a toy and telling them to play.I am now more confident in advising children when they are playing. I am now in a go bad position as I would be able to extend opportunities by asking the child questions. I have learned all the different stages and types of play. The types of play are The stages of play are Creative play. lonesome aged 0-2 years. Pretend play . Spectator aged 2-2 and a half years. Physical play. Parallel aged 2 and a half 3 years. Manipulation play. associatory 3 4 years. Discovery play. Co operative aged 4+ years. Bibliography websites used www. teachingexpertise. com http//nationalstrategies. standards. dcsf. gov. uk www. ofsted. gov. uk Www. raisingchildren. net. au Bibliography books used Tassoni P, Hucker K (2005) Planning Play and the Early age 2nd Edition. Oxford Heinemann (Page 163) Walker, M Beaver, M Brewster, J Neaum, S and Tallack, J (2008) Child care and Education hoard Level 2 Cheltenham Nelson Thornes LTD (Page 195) Garhart M C, (2000) Theories of childhoodan mental home to Dewey, Montessori, Erickson, Piaget and Vygestsky.Redleaf Press Yorkton (Page 21-37) Sanders, M. R. Christenson, A. P. (1985). A comparison of the effects of child management and planned activities training across v parenting environments. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, Pages 13, 101-117. Professional pluralit y Bruce D. Perry, M. D. , Ph. D. , is the Thomas S. Trammell Research Professor of Child Psychiatry, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioural Sciences, Baylor College of Medicine and Chief of Psychiatry, Texas Childrens Hospital, Houston, Texas.